Sunday of Week 23 of Ordinary Time (Year A)
Commentary on Ezekiel 33:7-9; Romans 13:8-10; Matthew 18:15-20
We are reminded today that to belong to the Church is to belong to a community of brothers and sisters in Christ. This means that being a Christian is not a private, purely personal affair, although that is the way some people seem to behave. When God asked Cain, “Where is your brother?”, Cain answered, “Am I my brother’s keeper?” (Gen 4:9) The teaching of today’s Gospel is that indeed I am responsible for my brothers and sisters.
Not only that, our relationship with Jesus, with God, depends intimately on how we relate with other people—be they members of our own family or complete strangers:
By this everyone will know that you are my disciples, if you have love for one another. (John 13:35)
And:
Truly I tell you, just as you did it to one of the least of these brothers and sisters of mine, you did it to me…just as you did not do it to one of the least of these, you did not do it to me. (Matthew 25:40,45)
Many of us are reluctant to involve ourselves in other people’s affairs. Sometimes that attitude is good and wholesome, but sometimes it is not. Our government, for instance, now frequently asks us to report on instances of abuse of which we may be aware. Such behaviour against defenceless people is something about which we need to be really concerned, to the point of taking appropriate action to protect the victims. If such things happen within the family it can be even more difficult to take action. It is not easy to see a father or mother taken away by the police or investigated by a social worker, even though it may be in the best interests of all concerned.
Community relations
The Gospel passage of today deals with such situations within the Christian community. The whole of Matthew chapter 18 is a discourse on mutual relations within the Christian community and, especially, what to do when divisions arise, as must inevitably happen. We are communities of sinners trying to be saints and there are many pitfalls on the way. In today’s passage we see first of all a three-stage procedure for dealing with a community member who has done ‘something wrong’. Presumably, it is some form of external behaviour which is harmful to the quality of the community’s witnessing to the Gospel.
The whole thrust of the passage is that we should all work towards reconciliation rather than punishment. There will also be a desire to keep the issue at as low a profile as possible. Sadly, we read regularly in our newspapers what happens when people drag their mutual grievances against each other to the law courts. So, the first stage is for the people concerned to solve the issue among themselves. If it works out at that level, that is the ideal situation—you have “regained” your brother or sister. “Regained” (or ‘won back’ in some translations) here is a Jewish technical term for conversion. For it is not enough that he merely stop his offensive behaviour, there also needs to be a genuine change of attitude and a genuine reconciliation with the offending person.
If the offender refuses to listen to his “brother”, then others should be brought in as confirming witnesses. And, if he refuses to listen to these, then “tell it to the church”—in Greek, ekklesia. ‘Church’ is here understood as the local community because, in the thinking of the Christian Testament, each self-contained community is a ‘church’ (for example, Revelation 1:4-3:22, where letters are written to seven ‘churches’ or local communities).
Exclusion
In the last resort, if the offender still refuses to listen or to change, then:
…let such a one be to you as a gentile and a tax collector.
That is to say, let him be put out from the community and be regarded as an outsider. Obviously, this is a drastic and final step, not to be taken in a spirit of revenge or vindictiveness, but out of real concern for the well-being of the whole community. It requires very sensitive discernment because it is easy to ‘get rid of’ someone who may in fact be telling the community some wholesome truths it needs to hear.
Many genuinely prophetic people have had this experience. It is easy to be too concerned about the ‘respectable image’ of the community or being seen as in conflict with the established authorities. The only well-being that can justify such ‘excommunication’ is behaviour that is totally at variance with the community’s mission to be the Body of Christ and to be witness of the Gospel message.
How, someone may ask, can this be squared with Jesus’ openness to sinners, including corrupt tax collectors and prostitutes, or with the story of the Prodigal Son? But Jesus’ reception of these people was not unconditional. It depended on their change of heart and the abandonment of their sinful ways. Jesus sat down with sinners, not because he liked them more than good people, but because he hoped to lead them back. When he forgave the woman taken in adultery, he told her to “sin no more”. The Prodigal Son was received with open arms after he had decided he no longer wanted to live his life of debauchery and, by his own decision, came back to his father.
The common good and the individual good
So, it is in the interests of both the community and of the individual that, if a person persists in anti-Christian behaviour, the person should be separated from the community. We practice this partly by not allowing a person in serious sin to receive the Eucharist. There is a serious contradiction between a person’s acting contrary to the Gospel and at the same time wanting to share in the Body of Christ, which has been wounded by his or her behaviour.
The situation, obviously, can be changed by a change in the attitude and behaviour of the wrongdoer. Once the person repents and converts, they will be—indeed must be—received back with joy:
Truly I tell you, whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.
These words also indicate that the church has the power, given it by God, to make a judgement on who is fit to belong to the Body of Christ, i.e. the church community. It is a necessary power to preserve the integrity of the community as a witness to the gospel. It is a power which must be exerted only with loving concern for the well-being of a wrongdoer. That said, it is also a dangerous power which could be abused.
Again, truly I tell you, if two of you agree on earth about anything you ask, it will be done for you by my Father in heaven. For where two or three are gathered in my name, I am there among them.
Wherever Christians meet together in truth and love, whether it be for prayer, study, or decision-making, Jesus is present and Jesus speaks and acts. This is both a tremendous gift and also a great responsibility.
Centrality of love
And so it is that Paul in the Second Reading puts the emphasis on love. It contains all other Christian obligations:
Love does no wrong to a neighbor; therefore, love is the fulfilling of the law.
To keep the commandments without love—and it is possible—is to become not another Jesus, but a Pharisee. If I really care in compassion for my neighbour, then I know that I am keeping the commandments and that I also am loving God. I have to look carefully at the needs of my brothers and sisters. If I see them hurting themselves or someone else, that is my business.
So the First Reading says:
If I say to the wicked, “O wicked ones, you shall surely die,” and you do not speak to warn the wicked to turn from their ways, the wicked shall die in their iniquity, but their blood I will require at your hand.
I am my brother’s and my sister’s keeper. But not absolutely, for:
…if you warn the wicked to turn from their ways and they do not turn from their ways, the wicked shall die in their iniquity, but you will have saved your life.
I have a responsibility to save my brother in sin, but I am not ultimately responsible for his salvation. The last choice will always be with him. There is no need, after one has done one’s best, to feel guilt over the evil behaviour of another.
Only path to salvation
It is easy to think that being a Catholic means being concerned with the relationship between God and me, that my duty is to “save my soul”. But in fact, the only way to “save my soul” is by becoming a truly loving and caring person as part of a loving and caring community of people united in Christ. And sometimes that caring may involve bringing the brother/sister face to face with the loving demands of the gospel. We do not help each other by turning a blind eye to behaviour which is clearly unchristian.
As a community we have a responsibility for each other’s well-being. We do not further the witness of a loving community when we, in false “charity”, ignore social problems such as drug-taking, alcoholism, compulsive gambling, violence in the home, discrimination against people with physical or mental disabilities, racial exploitation and the like taking place in our parish community. It is not enough just to deal with these things in the privacy of “Confession” for, ultimately, reconciliation must be at the community level. And, as such, this is the responsibility of the community exercising its calling as the Body of Christ.
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Wednesday of Week 31 of Ordinary Time – First Reading
Commentary on Romans 13:8-10
Paul continues his practical advice to the Romans. The reading may be very short, but its message should be engraved deeply on the heart of every person—Christians and non-Christians alike. What is striking in this passage is that God or Jesus is not mentioned at all, but both are clearly understood to underlie the statements.
Paul says that the only debt we should incur with others is the debt of love. Because in loving another person, we are fulfilling all the requirements of the law.
The love owed to others is the one debt that can never be paid off. No matter how much we have loved, we are still under an obligation to keep on loving. And this love is not only extended to fellow Christians, but must include every other person—including those who wish us harm. And in doing so, we are not only fulfilling the requirements of the Mosaic Law, but of all law. If in upholding a particular law, I would violate the law of love, then that law cannot be obeyed.
So, says Paul:
The commandments, “You shall not commit adultery; you shall not murder; you shall not steal; you shall not covet,” and any other commandment, are summed up in this word, “You shall love your neighbor as yourself.”
In the original quotation from Leviticus, ‘neighbour’ meant a fellow-Israelite, but here it is extended to include every other human person, as we see in the parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37). Jesus actually pushed that commandment even further. At the Last Supper he gave his disciples what he called a ‘new commandment’ when he said:
This is my commandment, that you love one another as I have loved you. (John 15:12)
Here the level of love is extended to match the love of Jesus which led him to “empty himself” and sacrifice his life for every single one of us.
The commandment also presumes that we love ourselves. Probably, most of us feel that we do, and even feel guilty about being selfish and self-centred. But that is not real self-love. Real self-love means the total recognition and acknowledgement of ourselves as we are, including both strengths and weaknesses. Most of us try to hide our real selves by hiding behind masks and creating an image that will impress others. That is not a sign of real love of self. But without a healthy self-love, there is a lack of inner security making it difficult to reach out in love to others.
Paul says that that “love is the fulfilling of the law” because genuine loving can cause no harm to brothers and sisters. Keeping the law in a legalistic fashion can do a lot of harm. This is what Jesus had against the Pharisees—they put the Law before love.
Paul’s teaching reminds one of St Augustine’s famous dictum: “Love and do what you like” or St Paul’s own saying, “Love covers a multitude of sins”. If one’s actions are motivated by a genuine love and concern for the well-being of others, then we cannot go wrong. A truly loving person is not going to commit adultery, is not going to kill or hurt, is not going to steal, or to cast covetous glances at what belongs to another.
The word for ‘love’ used by Paul is agape—a special kind of love. It can be defined as “a passionate desire for the well-being of the other”. It is a unilateral love in the sense that it is given and continues to be given even when there is no response, or even if it is rejected. It is the love that God extends to all created things and God’s agape is the source of all love in us. And wherever there is agape, there is God, because God is agape. That is why Paul can say that all the requirements of our faith are fulfilled, if all our words and actions are motivated by that agape.
Even in our church life, people can become very legalistic and set a lot of store by laws and regulations with very little love being shown. Many put the Ten Commandments ahead of the law of love. Yet as Jesus showed with the Pharisees, it is possible to keep the Law without a shred of love. One can keep many of the Commandments—especially those expressed negatively—by doing absolutely nothing!
But it is only through the love which we show for all those around us that the quality of our Christian life is measured. It is only by that love that our union with God is manifested. Observing laws, however exalted, is not enough. And doing nothing is of no help either. Love involves a constant and unconditional reaching out to all, friends and enemies, young and old, Christian and non-Christian, educated and illiterate, fellow country people and foreigners, close relatives and perfect strangers.
And as has been said, it is striking that God or Jesus are not mentioned in the whole passage. But the message is clear—I cannot love God and bypass my brothers and sisters, including those most obnoxious. It is no use spending hours in front of the Blessed Sacrament if I am not also constantly reaching out to find and serve Jesus in those around me. It is not difficult to talk to Jesus in the tabernacle. It can be much more difficult with some—an unreasonable boss or a rebellious teenager or an aggressive drug addict.
Finding Christ there and responding to him in such situations is the real test. At the same time, we thank God for the presence of Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament as it is a wonderful environment for prayer and contemplation, and to reflect on the degree of loving others in our daily lives.
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